讨论 A metalanguage is a language used to make statements about statements in another language (the object language).

讨论 4)【考点提示】本题考查语言能力和交际能力的区别。语言能力概念由乔姆斯基提出，指一名语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在意识，与具体环境中语言的实际使用没有任何关系。交际能力是 Hymes提出的，他认为语言学习者不仅要知道句子在语法上是合格的，而且要知道句子是得体的。 【参考答案】 According to Chomsky, a language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. A speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language, which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.

讨论 5) competence, performance 【考点提示】本题考查乔姆斯基关于语言能力和语言表现的区别。

讨论 C本题考查词素交换错误。词素交换错误指的是一个口语句子语法结构正确，但是句中两个词的词根或者基本形式交换了位置。

讨论 定义

讨论 3) phatic 【考点提示】本题考查语言的寒暄功能。

讨论 2)【考点提示】本题考查语言和言语的区别。 【解题思路】首先分别解释语言和言语的定义，然后再对比分析二者的不同。 【参考答案】 This distinction is made by Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century. (1) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of speech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. It is abstract and is not language people actually use. It is relatively stable and does not change frequently. (2 points)

讨论 Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It's the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

讨论 4) Prescriptive, descriptive 【考点提示】本题考查规定性语言学和描写性语言学。

讨论 4) F本题考查语言的功能，句子中反映的是语言的信息功能而不是娱乐性功能。

讨论 explain

讨论 1) interpersonal 【考点提示】本题考查语言的人际功能。

讨论 F本题考查著名语言学家菲尔迪南·德·索绪尔。瑞士语言学家菲尔南迪·德·索绪尔是现代语言学的重要奠基者，也是结构主义的开创者之一。后人称他为现代语言学之父，而不是语言学之父。

讨论 6) Psycholinguistics 【考点提示】本题考查心理语言学。

讨论 7) Phonetics 【考点提示】本题考查语音学定义。

讨论 (3) Saussure made this distinction in order to single out one aspect for linguistic study. In his opinion, parole is

讨论 1)【考点提示】本题考查语言的区别性特征。 【解题思路】分别说明语言的区别性特征并举例说明。 【参考答案】 Design features refer to the features that define our human languages. They include arbitrariness, duality, creativity and displacement. (1) Arbitrariness means that the forms of language signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. A good example is the fact that different languages have different words for the same object. (2 points)

讨论 3) F本题考查语言的特征，句子中反映的是语言的任意性而不是移位性。

讨论 (3) Creativity refers to the features that one is able to construct and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in his native language, including those that one has never heard before. Creativity is contributed to the duality and recursiveness of language. (2 points)

讨论 9) creativity 【考点提示】本题考查语言的创造性。因为语言的二重性和递归性使语言具有多产 性，因此语言具有创造性。

讨论 2) Displacement 【考点提示】本题考查语言的本质特征之一，移位性。

讨论 According to Hymes, communicative competence is the aspect of competence that enables the speakers to convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings interpersonally within specific contexts. Communicative competence is relative, not absolute, and depends on the cooperation of all the participants involved. Communicative competence includes not only the ability to form correct sentences but to use them at appropriate times.

讨论 The third is called strategic competence, the ability to overcome potential communication problems in interaction. (4 points)

讨论 6)【考点提示】本题考查的是乔姆斯基提出的语言运用和语言能力的差异性。 【解题思路】首先解释语言运用和语言能力的概念，再说明二者的区别。 【参考答案】 This fundamental distinction is discussed by the American linguist Chomsky in his Aspect of the Theory of Syntax. A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence, while performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situation.

讨论 6) D本题考查语言学涵盖的五个方面。即音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学。

讨论 3)【考点提示】本题考查乔姆斯基提出的语言能力和语言运用的区别。 【解题思路】首先说明语言能力和语言运用的概念，然后再解释语言使用在实际应用中出现的误差，因此需要语言能力制定标准来规范语言使用。二者是语言学中的一对重要区分概念，而乔姆斯基更倾向于语言能力。 【参考答案】 Competence and performance are proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view. (4 points)

讨论 The basic idea of communicative competence is the ability to use language appropriately, both receptively and productively, in real situations. (6 points) Communicative competence can be defined, in terms of three components. The first is grammatical competence, which involves the accurate use of words and the second structure is sociolinguistic competence. It enables the learner to know how to speak properly according to the social context.

讨论 3) A本题考查习语与语言的约定俗成性。习语是相沿已久的、约定俗成的具有完整而独特意义的词语。

讨论 (2) Duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. (2 point)

讨论 Despite his perfect knowledge of his own language, a speaker can still make mistakes in actual use, e.g. slips of the tongue, and unnecessary pauses. This imperfect performance is caused by social and psycological factors such as stress, anxiety, and embarrassment. Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speaker's competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.